Chapter 7 Vocabulary

Biological rhythms: periodic physiological fluctuations
Circadian rhythm: the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness that occur on a 24-hour cycle)
REM sleep: rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.
Alpha waves: the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.
Sleep: periodic, natural reversible loss of consciousness, as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.
Hallucinations: false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
Delta waves: the large, slow brain waves associate with deep sleep.
Narcolepsy: a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often in inopportune times.
Sleep apnea: a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during a sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.
Night terrors: a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three ours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.
Dream: a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.
Manifest contest: according to Feud the remembered story lien of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden content
Latent content: according to Freud, the underlying meanings of a dream (as distinct its manifest content). Freud believed that a dreams latent content functions as a safety value.
REM rebound: the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).
Hypnosis: a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.
Posthypnotic suggestion: a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.
Dissociation: a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.
Psychoactive drug: a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood.
Tolerance: the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect.
Withdraw: the discomfort and distress that following discontinuing the use of an addictive drug.
Physical dependence: physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.
Psychological dependence: a psychological need to sue a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions
Addition: compulsive drug craving and use.
Depressants: the drug (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduces neural activity and slow body functions.
Barbiturates: drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety by impairing memory and judgment.
Opiates: opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporally lessening pain and anxiety.
Stimulants: drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy) that excite neural activity and sleep up body function.
Amphetamines: drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.
Methamphetamine: a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with sped-up body functions and associated energy and moon changes; overtime, appeared to reduce baseline dopamine levels.
Ecstasy (MDMA) a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term- harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.
Hallucinogens: psychedelic drugs such as LSD that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.
LSD: a powerful hallucinogenic drug, also known as acid
THC: The major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations