12 + 13

Chapter 12

Motivation: a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
Instinct: a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.
Drive-reduction theory: the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Homeostasis: a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
Incentive: a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.
Hierarchy of needs: maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must be first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.
Glucose: the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues
Set point: the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.
Basal metabolic rate: the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.
Anorexia nervosa: an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.
Bulimia nervosa: an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
Refectory period; a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm
Sexual disorder: problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning.
Estrogen: sex hormone for females
Testosterone: sex hormone for males
Flow: a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with demised awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one’s skills
Industrial-organizational psychology: the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.
Personnel psychology: a subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development.
Organizational psychology: a subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change.
Task leadership: goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals.
Social leadership: group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, meditates conflict, and offers support.


Chapter 13

James-Lange theory: the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiogical responses to emotional arousing stimuli.
Cannon-Bard Theory: the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.
Two-factory theory: Schachter-Singer’s theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.
Polygraph: a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompany emotion.
Subjective well-being: self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being
Adaptation-level phenomenon: our tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.
Relative deprivation: the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself.

Question Set

1 Psychologists define motivation as the energizing and directing of behavior. The four perspectives are instinct/evolutionary, drive-reduction, arousal, and hierarchy of needs perspectives.
2 The Hierarchy of needs are…
-self-actualizations needs (need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential
-Esteem needs for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence
-Belongingness and love needs to love and be loved to be accepted
-Safety needs to feel that the world is organized
-Physiological to satisfy hunger and thirst.
4 The need of belonging is known as the 3rd level of the Hierarchy of needs which one needs to feel loved
5 Variations in body chemistry that influence our feelings of hunger include those in insulin, leptin, orexin, ghrelin, and PYY. All this information is integrated in two areas of the hypothalamus, which regulates the body’s weight by affecting our feelings of hunger and satiety.