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if you do the vocab please post it for the stuff from Thursday night.
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ch 23 vocab

1. Narrow-Spectrum Pesticide: the ideal pesticide; would kill only the organism for which it was intended and not harm any other species.
2. Broad-Spectrum Pesticide: a pesticide that kills a variety of organisms, including beneficial organisms, in addition to the target pest.
3. Botanicals: plants, which have been fighting pests longer than humans, have evolved several natural organic compounds that are poisonous, particularly to insects. (Ex. nicotine from tobacco)
4. Synthetic Botanicals: human-like insecticides produced by chemically modifying the structure of natural botanicals.
5. Chlorinated Hydrocarbon: an organic compound containing chlorine (DDT).
6. Organophosphates: organic compounds that contain phosphorus; developed in WWII as an outgrowth of German research on nerve gas.
7. Carbamates: A broad-spectrum insecticide derived from carbamic acid, not as toxic to mammals as the organophosphates.
8. Selective Herbicides: kill only certain types of plants.
9. Nonselective Herbicides: kill all vegetation.
10. Genetic Resistance: any inherited characteristic that decreases the effect of a pesticide on a pest.
11. Pesticide Treadmill: a predicament faced by pesticide users, in which the cost of applying pesticides increases (because they have to be applied more frequently or in larger doses) while their effectiveness decreases (as a result of increasing genetic resistance in the target pest.
12. Resistance Management: strategies for managing genetic resistance in order to maximize the period in which a pesticide is useful.
13. Bioaccumulation: the buildup of a persistent pesticide or other toxic substance in an organism’s body.
14. Biological Magnification: the increased concentration of toxic chemicals such as certain pesticides in the tissues of organisms at higher trophic levels in food webs.
15. Biological Control: a method of pest control that involves the use of naturally occurring disease organisms, parasites, or predators to control pests.
16. Pheromones: a natural substance produced by animals to stimulate a response in other members of the same species.
17. Integrated Pest Management: a combination of pest control methods that, if used in the proper order and at the proper times, keep the size of a pest population low enough that it does not cause substantial economic loss.
18. Persistent Organic Pollutant: a group of persistent, toxic chemicals that bioaccumulate in organisms and can travel thousands of kilometers through air and water to contaminate sites far removed from their source.

ch 15 vocab

1. Soil: the uppermost layer of Earth’s crust, which supports terrestrial plants, animals, and microorganisms.
2. Weathering Processes: when soil is formed from parent material, rock that is slowly broken down, or fragmented into smaller and smaller particles by biological, chemical, and physical processes.
3. Topography: a region’s surface features, such as the presence or absence of mountains and valleys, is also involved in soil formation.
4. Humus: the black or dark brown organic material that remains after much decomposition has occurred; a combination of organic compounds binds to nutrient mineral ions and holds water.
5. Leaches: percolates; the process by which dissolved materials (nutrients or contaminants) are washed away or filtered down through the various layers of the soil.
6. Illuviation: the deposition of leached material in the lower layers of soil.
7. Soil Horizons: the horizontal layers into which many soils are organized, from the surface to the underlying parent material.
8. Soil Profile: a vertical section from surface to parent material, showing the soil horizons.
9. O - Horizon: uppermost layer of soil; rich in organic material; accumulates plant litter as it gradually decays (desert- completely absent)
10. A - Horizon: topsoil; dark and rich in accumulates organic matter and humus; granular texture and is somewhat nutrient-poor owing to the gradual loss of many nutrient minerals to deeper layers by leaching.
11. E – Horizon: in some soils; develops between the A and B horizons.
12. B - Horizon: light-colored subsoil beneath the A-horizon; is often a zone of illuviation in which nutrient minerals that leached out of the topsoil and letter accumulate.
13. C – Horizon: contains weathered pieces of rock and borders the unweathered solid parent material; below most roots and is often saturated with groundwater.
14. Ecosystem Services: Important environmental benefits, such as clear air to breathe, clean water to drink, and fertile soil in which to grow crops, that ecosystems provide.
15. Castings: bits of soil that have passed through the gut of an earthworm which are deposited on the soil surface.
16. Mycorrhizae: help plants absorb adequate amounts of essential nutrient minerals from the soil.
17. Mycelium: threadlike body of the fungal partner which extends into the soil well beyond the roots.
18. Nutrient Cycling: the pathway of various nutrient minerals or elements from the environment through organisms and back to t he environment.
19. Sustainable Soil Use: the wise use of soil resources, without a reduction in the amount or fertility of soil, so that it is productive for future generations.
20. Soil Erosion: the wearing away or removal of soil from the land.
21. Conservation Tillage: a method of cultivation in which residues from previous crops are left in the soil, partially covering it and helping to hold it in place until the newly planted seeds are established.
22. Crop Rotation: the planting of a series of different crops in the same field over a period of years.
23. Contour Plowing: plowing that matches the natural contour of the land.
24. Shelterbelt: a row of trees planted as a windbreak to reduce soil erosion of agricultural land.

ch 16 vocab

1. Minerals: elements or compounds of elements that occur naturally in Earth’s crust.
2. Sulfides: mineral compounds in which certain elements are combined chemically with sulfur.
3. Oxides: mineral compounds in which elements are combined chemically with oxygen.
4. Rocks: naturally formed aggregates, or mixtures, of minerals and have varied chemically compositions.
5. Ore: rock that contains a large enough concentration of a particular mineral to be profitably mined and extracted.
6. High-Grade Ores: contain relatively large amounts of particular minerals.
7. Low-Grade Ores: contain lesser amounts of particular minerals.
8. Metals: minerals such as iron, aluminum, and copper, which are malleable, lustrous, and good conductors of heat and electricity.
9. Nonmetallic Minerals: such as sand, stone, salt, and phosphates, lack the characteristics of metals.
10. Magmatic Concentration: varying concentrations of minerals, often found in the different rock layers; responsible for deposits such as iron, copper, nickel, chromium, and others.
11. Hydrothermal Processes: involves water that was heated deep in the Earth’s crust, which seeps through the cracks and fissures and dissolves certain minerals in the rocks.
12. Sedimentation: a process in which weathered particles are transported by water and deposited as sediment on riverbanks, deltas, and the sea floor.
13. Evaporation: the conservation of water from a liquid to a vapor.
14. Surface Mining: the extraction of mineral and energy resources near the Earth’s surface by first removing the soil, subsoil, and overlying rock strata.
15. Subsurface Mining: the extraction of mineral and energy resources from deep underground deposits.
16. Overburden: soil and rock overlying a useful mineral deposit.
17. Open-Pit Surface Mining: in which a giant hole is dug (iron, copper, stone, gravel)
18. Strip Mining: a trench is dug to extract the minerals, then a new one is dug parallel to that one.
19. Spoil Bank: a hill of loose rock created when the overburden from a new trench is put into the already excavated trench during strip mining.
20. Shaft Mine: a direct vertical shaft to the vein of ore.
21. Slope Mine: a slanting passage that makes it possible to haul the broken ore out of the mine in cars rather than hoisting it up in buckets.
22. Smelting: the process in which ore is melted at high temperatures to separate impurities from the molten metal.
23. Slag: a molten mixture which accumulates when limestone reacts with impurities in the ore.
24. Acid Mine Draining: pollution caused when sulfuric acid and dangerous dissolved materials such as lead, arsenic, and cadmium wash from mines into nearby lakes and streams.
25. Tailings: impurities that are usually left in giant piles on the ground or in ponds near the processing plants, very toxic (cyanide, mercury, or sulfuric acid).
26. Derelict: techniques of restoring lands degraded by mining; research.
27. Phytoremediation: the use of specific plants to absorb and accumulate toxic materials such as nickel from the soil.
28. Mineral Reserves: mineral deposits that have been identified and are currently profitable to extract.
29. Mineral Resources: any undiscovered mineral deposits or known deposits of low-grade ore that are currently unprofitable to extract.
30. Total Resources / World Reserve Base: the combination of a mineral’s reserves.
31. Manganese Nodules: small rocks the size of potatoes that contain manganese and other minerals, such as copper, cobalt, and nickel – are widespread on the ocean floor, particularly in the Pacific.
32. Biomining: the process of using microorganisms to extract minerals from low-grade ores (gold).
33. Reuse: conservation of the resources in used items by using them over and over again.
34. Recycle: conservation of the resources in used items by converting them into new products.
35. Sustainable Manufacturing: a manufacturing system based on industrial waste minimization.
36. Dematerialization: the decrease in the weight of products over time (appliances become smaller and lighter in weights as they evolve over time).