ch 23 vocab

1. Narrow-Spectrum Pesticide: the ideal pesticide; would kill only the organism for which it was intended and not harm any other species.
2. Broad-Spectrum Pesticide: a pesticide that kills a variety of organisms, including beneficial organisms, in addition to the target pest.
3. Botanicals: plants, which have been fighting pests longer than humans, have evolved several natural organic compounds that are poisonous, particularly to insects. (Ex. nicotine from tobacco)
4. Synthetic Botanicals: human-like insecticides produced by chemically modifying the structure of natural botanicals.
5. Chlorinated Hydrocarbon: an organic compound containing chlorine (DDT).
6. Organophosphates: organic compounds that contain phosphorus; developed in WWII as an outgrowth of German research on nerve gas.
7. Carbamates: A broad-spectrum insecticide derived from carbamic acid, not as toxic to mammals as the organophosphates.
8. Selective Herbicides: kill only certain types of plants.
9. Nonselective Herbicides: kill all vegetation.
10. Genetic Resistance: any inherited characteristic that decreases the effect of a pesticide on a pest.
11. Pesticide Treadmill: a predicament faced by pesticide users, in which the cost of applying pesticides increases (because they have to be applied more frequently or in larger doses) while their effectiveness decreases (as a result of increasing genetic resistance in the target pest.
12. Resistance Management: strategies for managing genetic resistance in order to maximize the period in which a pesticide is useful.
13. Bioaccumulation: the buildup of a persistent pesticide or other toxic substance in an organism’s body.
14. Biological Magnification: the increased concentration of toxic chemicals such as certain pesticides in the tissues of organisms at higher trophic levels in food webs.
15. Biological Control: a method of pest control that involves the use of naturally occurring disease organisms, parasites, or predators to control pests.
16. Pheromones: a natural substance produced by animals to stimulate a response in other members of the same species.
17. Integrated Pest Management: a combination of pest control methods that, if used in the proper order and at the proper times, keep the size of a pest population low enough that it does not cause substantial economic loss.
18. Persistent Organic Pollutant: a group of persistent, toxic chemicals that bioaccumulate in organisms and can travel thousands of kilometers through air and water to contaminate sites far removed from their source.