Ch. 22 Guided Notes (without graphs)

Chapter 22 Guided Notes
Eight Categories of Water Pollution:
• Sewage- the release of wastewater from drains or sewers
• Disease causing agents- bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and parasitic worms
• Sediment pollution- caused by soil erosion and increases water turbidity
• Inorganic plant and algal nutrients- things such as nitrogen and phosphorus that contribute to enrichment
• Organic compounds- things such as pesticides, solvents, and industrial chemical that are quite toxic to organisms
• Inorganic chemicals- toxins such as lead and mercury
• Radioactive substances- wastes from mining, refining, and using radioactive metals
• Thermal pollution- heated water, produced during many industrial processes, is released into waterways
Figure 22.2







Table 22.1
Disease Infectious Agent Type of Organism Symptoms
Cholera Vibrio cholera Bacterium Diarrhea, vomiting, fluid loss
Dysentery Shigella dysenteriae Bacterium Diarrhea, bloody stools, abdominal pain
Enteritis Clostridium perfringens Bacterium Discomfort, loss of appetite, cramps, and diarrhea
Typhoid Salmonella typhi Bacterium Headache, loss of energy, fever, rash
Infectious hepatitis Hepatitis virus A Virus Jaundice, fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, aches
Poliomyelitis Poliovirus Virus Sore throat, fever, diarrhea, aches, paralysis
Cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidium sp. Protozoon Diarrhea, cramps
Amoebic dysentery Entamoeba histolytica Protozoon Diarrhea, bloody stools, abdominal pain
Schistosomiasis Schistosoma sp. Fluke Blood in urine, diarrhea, weakness, lack of energy, abdominal pain
Ancylostomiasis Ancylostoma sp. Hookworm Anemia and bronchitis

Dead Zone
The Dead Zone is an area in the Gulf of Mexico that is created by fertilizer runoff and manure runoff and creates an oxygen free environment of ever-changing size that does not support life beyond bacteria. It occurs every spring and summer.
Table 22.2
Compound Some Reported Health Effects
Aldicarb (pesticide) Attacks nervous system
Benzene (solvent) Associated with blood disorders; leukemia
Carbon tetrachloride (solvent) Possibly causes cancer; liver damage; may also attack kidney and vision
Chloroform (solvent) Possible causes cancer
Dioxins (chemical contaminants) Some cause cancer; may harm reproductive, immune, and nervous systems
Ethylene dibromide (fumigant) Probably causes cancer; attacks liver and kidneys
Polychlorinated biphenyls (industrial chemicals) Attack liver and kidneys; possibly cause cancer
Trichloroethylene (solvent) Probably causes cancer; induces liver cancer in mice
Vinyl chloride (plastics industry) Causes cancer

Lead
Lead can be found in paint, industrial sources, and natural sources. Lead can cause miscarriages, high blood pressure, and mental disorders. The Safe Drinking Water Act limits the amount of lead that can be in drinking water.


Mercury
Mercury comes from coal-fired power plants, municipal and medical waste, and the smelting of metals. Mercury causes kidney disorders and damages the nervous system and cardiovascular systems. The EPA regulates the permissible amount of mercury emitted in to the environment.
Point source pollution- water pollution that can be traced to a specific spot
Nonpoint source pollution- pollutants that enter bodies of water over large areas rather than being concentrated at a single point of entry
Ways to prevent water pollution
• Never throw medicines down the toilet
• Never pour motor oil or antifreeze on the ground
• Pick up pet waste
• Drive less
• Never apply fertilizer near a body of water
• Make sure that gutters and downspouts drain onto water-absorbing grass or graveled areas instead of paved surfaces
Water pollution in different countries
• Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela- oil pollution, human wastes, contamination from farms and factories
• Po River, Italy- raw sewage is dumped in to the river, agricultural chemicals, sediment pollution, poor source of drinking water
• Ganges River, India- untreated sewage, cremated remains, and human remains pollute the river
• Kwale, Kenya- disease causing organisms contaminate the drinking water of many African people
• Bnagladesh- the groundwater contains high levels of arsenic, causing arsenic poisoning
Steps for the purification of drinking water
The solid particles are clumped together so that they can settle out. Some systems run the water through carbon granules. The last step is to disinfect the water, usually with chlorine.
Steps for Sewage Treatment
• Primary treatment- removing suspended and floating particles by mechanical processes
• Secondary treatment- treating wastewater biologically to decompose suspended organic material
• Tertiary treatment- advanced wastewater treatment methods that are sometimes employed after primary and secondary treatments
• Disposal of sludge- the five possible ways to dispose of sludge are anaerobic digestion, application to soil as a fertilizer, incineration, ocean dumping, and disposal in a sanitary landfill
Water Pollution Acts
• Ocean Dumping Ban Act (1991): barred ocean dumping of sludge and industrial waste
• Refuse Act (1899): reduces the release of pollutants into navigable rivers
• Safe Drinking Water Act (1974): set federal standards for drinking water to guarantee safe public water supplies throughout the United States
• Clean Water Act (1977): affects the quality of rivers, lakes, aquifers, estuaries, and coastal waters
• Great Lakes Toxic Substance Control Agreement (1986): reduces pollution in the lakes by developing coordinated programs among the eight states and